Resistance & Reform

1857 – 1947

1860Death of Zafar in Captivity

1860US: Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln elected president.

1865US: Confederates defeatedslavery abolished under Thirteenth Amendment. Lincoln is assassinated

1877Grand Assemblages modelled on the Mughal court organised to celebrate British imperial coronationsalso in 1903 and 1911

1885Formation of the Indian National Congress, nationalist movement and later political party

1906Formation of the All-India Muslim League in Dhaka (present day Bangladesh)

1911King George announces the making of a new capital, New Delhi

1930Edwin Lutyens designs New Delhi capitol complex.1930s

1947Independence from British rule. Partition of India and Pakistan